Analysis on the expression of human papillomavirus type 16 E2 and E6 oncogenes and disruption of E2 in cervical cancer / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the roles of expression and early protein E2 and E6 load of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) on cervical cancer in order to explore the relation between disruption of E2 and development of cervical cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study was conducted, including 141 cervical cancer patients as cases who had been diagnosed by cytological approaches and histological approaches in Shanxi province Tumor Hospital, China. Two type of controls including 137 hospital controls with hysteromyoma by cytology or histology and eligible 129 controls from 1582 healthy women in the community who took part in community-organized physical examination with neither CIN2-3 nor invasive cancer, nor other gynecologic diseases were recruited. HPV16 E2 and E6 oncogenes were detected by multiple polymerase chain reaction (multi-PCR). The levels of E2 and E6 were analyzed used Bio-1D+ + software provided by VILBER pattern formatter.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The positive rates of HPV16 E6 in cancer cases (46.8%) were significantly higher than that in hysteromyoma group (24.1%) or healthy control group (2.3%) and accounted for 2.77 of OR (95% CI: 1.66-4.63) and 36.96 of OR(95% CI: 11.22-121.71) respectively. The expressions and loads of HPV16 E6 and E2 in cases were significantly higher than that in two control groups. Meanwhile, the expression or level of E6 was higher than that of E2 in each group. Disruption rate of E2 was 22.73% and the ratio of E6 to E2 was 1.24 in cervical cancer group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The positive rates and levels of HPV16 E6 or E2 found in cervical cancer were higher than that in hysteromyoma and healthy women. High expression of E6 and disruption of E2 might play an important role in the development of HPV-induced cervical cancer.</p>

A case-control study on the association between folate and cervical cancer / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the possible effects of folate on cervical carcinogenesis and the interaction of folate and human papillomaviruses 16 (HPV16).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A hospital-based case-control study was conducted. 111 hospitalized cases who were pathologically diagnosed of having cervical cancer and 111 controls identified with hysteromyoma that frequency-matched to cases on age, birth place and residential area. A 60-item food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were administered to estimate the consumption of dietary folate. HPV16 DNA in exfoliated cervical cell and serum folate were detected by special PCR and radioimmunoassay respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HPV16 infection rate in cases (61.26%) was significantly higher than that in controls (28.83%), with adjusted OR of 4.95(95% CI:2.49-9.83).The levels of dietary folate in cases (5.00 microg/kcal +/- 0.41 microg/kcal) were significantly lower than that in controls (5.14 microg/kcal +/- 0.35 microg/kcal), but the adjusted OR showing no statistical significance. However, serum folate in cases (1.79 ng/ml +/- 1.42 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that in controls(2.59 ng/ml +/- 2.81 ng/ml),and there were significantly increasing trend in the risk of cervical cancer with reducing level of serum folate (chi-squared trend test of P = 0.000). Meanwhile, low-level of serum folate and HPV16-infection showed significant interaction in the development of cervical cancer, with likelihood ratio test of G = 5.56, P = 0.02.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Results indicated that low levels of folate might increase the risk of cervical cancer, and potential synergistic action might exist between low level of serum folate and HPV16 in the development of cervical cancer.</p>

Association between endogenous hormones, hormone receptors and cervical cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between the levels of estrogen (E2) and progestogen (P), expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) and cervical cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study with hospital and community controls was employed. The levels of serum estrogen and progesterone were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 141 cervical cancer cases, 137 uterine myoma patients as controls and 129 health women as controls. ER and PR were measured by immunohistochemistry sABC in cervix tissues from patients with cervical cancer and uterus myoma as well.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The levels of estrogen (47.49 ng/mL) and progesterone (2.34 pg/mL) in cases were significantly higher than those in both control groups. The association between estrogen and cervical cancer was significant both before and after menopause-adjusted, with over 89% of attributable risk percentage (ARP), and showed a dose-response relation. Using the lowest value of 2 pg/ml in follicular phase as cut off point for progesterone, there were no statistically significant difference between cases and controls, and neither in progesterone nor in premenopausal. The expressions of ER and PR in cases were lower than those in controls, even after being menopause-adjusted.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The high level of endogenous estrogen and progestogen might increase the risk of cervical cancer. Compared with progestogen, estrogen showed a higher risk that was not influenced by menopause. In some sense, ER and PR may exert certain protective effect on progressing of cervical carcinogenesis.</p>

Analysis on synergistic action between estrogen, progesterone and human papillomaviruses in cervical cancer / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effects of estrogen (E(2)) and progesterone (P) on cervical cancer and the synergistic action between estrogen, progesterone and human papillomaviruses (HPV).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Hoted-start polymerase chain reaction (HS-PCR) was used to detect HPVs, HPV16 and ELISA was used to assay E(2) and P on 141 cases with cervical cancer and on 129 healthy controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Positive rates of HPVs and HPV16 were 75.2% and 46.8% respectively in cervical cancer group, significantly higher than that in controls. Levels of estrogen and progesterone in case group were significantly higher than that in controls and a dose-responded relationship between the levels of estrogen and cervical cancer was revealed. Estrogen and HPV showed an additive interaction in the development of cervical cancer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HPV16 infection played a principal role in the development of cervical cancer. The high levels of entogenous estrogen could increase the risk of cervical cancer and might serve as a cofactor in the development of HPV-induced cervical cancer.</p>